Distinguish
between surface structure and deep structure according to Chomsky's 1965
theory.
One of the most important concepts proposed by Chomsky is
the concept of surface and deep structure. The
Generativism paradigm claims that the concept of structural analysis proposed
by Structuralism paradigm is too swallow, it only reaches the level of surface
structure. Surface structure can be defined as the syntactic form they take as
actual sentences. In the other words, it is forms of sentences resulted from
modification/ transformation. Consider these sentences:
(1) You close the door.
(2) The door is closed by you.
(3) Close the door!
The first sentence is active, second is passive, and the last is
imperative. However, if you take a look those closely, you will find that those
three are very closely related, even identical. They seem to be identical,
since they have the same underlying abstract representation that is
called deep structure. It is defined as
an abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements
determining structural interpretation are represented. If you want to analyze
the relation of those three sentences, the first you have to know about the
deep structure of them, since deep structure is the input of transformation
rules. You cannot apply transformation rules if you don’t have deep
structure. transformation rules are sets of rules which will change or move
constituents in the structures derive from the phrase structure rules...........................................................................................................................
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